It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. /Contents 4 0 R Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Rt. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: You can download the paper by clicking the button above. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. 3. /Font << The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . The states were later increased to 30 states. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. /Filter /DCTDecode stream federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. Power Sharing Formula This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. I love this article,very educating and interesting The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. /F7 24 0 R Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. We appreciate you. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. Full History of Nigerian Federalism. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. History of federal system of government in nigeria. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. The chief architect of this theory is Riker. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. >> Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. /F6 21 0 R These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. /Type /XObject Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. /Type /Page This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. ff>qsfN? Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. Hon. Your email address will not be published. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. 7 Topics . >> Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. /F5 18 0 R Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". welcome, and thanks for reading us. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. % /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] endobj /BitsPerComponent 8 Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Excellent, thanks a lot f The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. 1. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. The Plural nature of Nigeria. 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. Your email address will not be published. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. You are welcome dear reader. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. 1. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. s" Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Federalism in Nigeria. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. /Filter /FlateDecode What is federalism? Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. Your email address will not be published. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. 6 0 obj This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). Population of the country In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. %PDF-1.5 Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. by the federal or any state government. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Best information base for latest information both national and international. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. 4 0 obj It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level.