She edited Bundist periodicals after the 1905 revolution. creative tips and more. Haman thought that Esther prepared the banquet in his honor, little realizing that she had set a trap for him (Mid. R. 6:13; Meg. 2:7), a testimony to the practice of Jews having double names, as do the heroes in *Daniel. They are self-centered and think only about what is best for them. Updated on January 29, 2019 One of the most well-known heroines in the Jewish Bible is Queen Esther, who became the king of Persia's consort and thereby had the means to save her people from slaughter. You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. Esther, ESTHER ESTHER (Heb. Just like the color did not get into our oil, our lives must remain pure. 5:1) is traditionally interpreted as referring to her being wrapped in the Holy Spirit. 80). ." the queen was 23 when she. Teacher: Take the large clear pitcher and fill half full with water. Queen Esther by Edwin Long in 1878. Hope you enjoyed reading the intriguing facts about Esther. Choose the red food coloring and add several drops to your water. When Haman, Ahasuerus' prime minister, convinced the king to issue an edict condemning the Jews to extermination, Esther presented herself before the king unbidden (an act punishable by death) and invited him and Haman to two banquets. Ancient Persia, notably the capital city of Susa, is the setting for the book of Esther. She stayed with Ahasuerus and sacrificed her personal happiness in order to achieve her ultimate objective of allowing the Second Temple to be built and the return to Zion. Mordecai, the son of Jair, of the tribe of Benjamin, raised Esther as his own daughter. Why didnt Abraham bargain with God when it came to Isaac being offered as a burnt offering like he did when it came to Sodom and Gomorrah? to Esther is in the Book of Esther, which does not mention Any one of his people among you can go up to Jerusalem. Our recommended activities are based on age but these are a guide. Panabo | 5.4K views, 138 likes, 145 loves, 126 comments, 84 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Panabo City Information Office: LIVE | MAANYAG SA SYUDAD:. He was made the kings viceroy (3:1). Say: Because the Israelites had disobeyed God, God allowed them to be taken captive. Meanwhile, one of the viziers, Haman, is elevated to a position of high power. Haman then obtained the kings permission to execute his plan. //. King Ahasuerus has been described as a sensualist who enjoyed drinking and other forms of debauchery. In Jewish tradition Purim plays flourished from the early Middle Ages onwards setting the narrative into dramatic and musical forms, some of which have survived in Hebrew and Yiddish. After the Middle Ages the story of Esther was treated in a less symbolic manner and was used instead as a storehouse of picturesque episodes. He was born in 518BC. It had been over 70 years since the Lord had commanded the Jews to leave Persia and return to Jerusalem, yet some of the Jews were STILL living in Persia. These were followed by the German Meistersinger Hans Sachs' Esther (1530) and an English verse play, A New Enterlude of Godly Queene Hester, published anonymously in 1561. Many scholars believe that the name Esther was inspired by Ishtar, the ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, justice, political power, and war. And so, in the book of Esther, we will watch God stay true to His word, and use Esther in an amazing way! In art the Book of Esther is represented in the cycle of paintings from the third-century synagogue at *Dura-Europos and also in the ninth-century mural in the basilica of San Clemente in Rome. Meanwhile, Haman built gallows to hang Mordecai. He was born in 518BC. Most successful were the satiric Megilla-Lieder of the Yiddish poet Itzik *Manger adapted for the stage in Israel in 1965. The libretto was translated into Hebrew by the Venetian rabbi Jacob Raphael Saraval (17071782), and two copies of it with the scenic indications in English and Italian respectively are in the Ets Haim Library, Amsterdam; no evidence of a performance has yet been discovered (see Adler, Prat Mus, 1 (1966), 1234, 212). Albany: State University of New York Press. Esther's Hebrew name was Hadassah, Mordecai told Esther not to reveal that she was a Jew, which she did not do. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/esther-0. They choose to hurt other people. (February 22, 2023). Esther was a young woman with a God gifted appearance. Born of Bath-Sheba, Solomon was so named by David (ii S, Jezebel The name Esther is probably from Old Persia, MORDECAI (Heb. Clarify When you buy through the links on our site we may earn a commission. Well let this food coloring represent sin. After Haman's execution, Esther and Mordecai were awarded all of Haman's estate. Bigthan and Teresh, who had previously kept the gate, became incensed, saying: "The king has removed two officials and replaced them by this single barbarian." Mordecai now enlists the help of Esther on behalf of her people (Est. Like the myrtle (Heb. What were the circumstances under which Esther became queen, What was Esthers reaction to becoming queen, How did those close to Esther react to her becoming queen, How did the kingdom change after Esther became queen, What legacy did Esther leave behind as queen, What would have happened if Esther had not become queen, How Old Was Danny Kaye When He Made White Christmas, How Long Does Percocet Stay In Your Urine, How Long Does Flexeril Stay In Your System, How Long Does Edibles Stay In Urine Quora, How Can I Link My Google Calendar To Planbook, How To Hack Pvz2 And Unlock Everything Reddit. *Silman's Megillat Esther by the *Ohel theater, the music was written by Y. . The Talmud reveals that Esther's relationship with Ahasuerus wasn't a romantic one. She wasone of many Jewish youngsters whose parents died during that turbulent period. Esther must have been a "teenager" based on the historical and Biblical facts above. Esther was selected as Queen from among all the eligible women in the empire because she was "beautiful of form and face."Esther's age is not specified in the Bible, but tradition and history put her at twenty-five when she . She possessed the trait of patience. At first she was reluctant, since anyone who went into the kings presence without being summoned faced the death penalty unless he extended his gold scepter to them. Esther first appears in the story as one of the young virgins collected into the king's harem as possible replacements for Vashti, the banished wife of King Ahasuerus (Xerxes I, reigned 485465 B.C.E. 22 Feb. 2023 . 15a; pdre 50). Not realizing that Mordecai as a member of the Sanhedrin knew 70 languages, they conversed together in their native Tarsean. 7B. She was certainly out-of-place, and many people around her were going to make terrible decisions. She is once called Hadassah (Esth. After an investigation, the eunuchs were executed, and Mordecai's loyalty and aid to the king was recorded in the chronicles of the kingdom. It was the seventh year of the rule of Xerxes. Her father died soon after her conception and her mother when she was born (Meg. She was liked by Hegial ( who was in charge of the harem in . Continue Learning about Religious Studies. R. 6:9). The story was sometimes presented in a narrative cycle of varying length or in individual episodes. Esther, however, did not reveal the fact that she was a Jew. They could be seen clearly from the women's benches, and it has been suggested that they were placed there because women normally came to synagogue to attend the reading of the Scroll of Esther which, according to *Joshua bar Levi (Meg. This incident of saving the Jews from Haman is commemorated and celebrated annually as a Jewish holiday called Purim. He would visit Elizabeth, clad only in his . Esther then revealed all to the king: her petition for the Jewish people, her own Jewish heritage, and Haman's deceit in obtaining the decree. It has been suggested that Mordecai served as a gatekeeper, and this position enabled him to stay in continual communication with Esther. Queen Esther 492 B.C. From lino cutting to surfing to childrens mental health, their hobbies and interests range far and wide. This is the very sinful world we live in. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/esther-36883.php. say was probably not a real, historical person. God wants us to affect the people around us. Queen Esther used her position as queen to rescue the Jewish people from . More embellishments appear in the Septuagint (LXX) version of the Book of Esther and many more in Jewish rabbinic and legendary (midrashic) sources. The King was very determined to show his great wealth to everyone. 7 vols. The Megillah called her a beautiful young virgin, indicating that she would be around 12 years oldgross, alright? Esther just took in what her tutor, Hegai, recommended. The couches they sat on were made of gold and silver and they drank out of golden cups. "Esther," Unitarian Universalists for Jewish Awareness, www.uuja.org/holidays/sermons/sermonesther.html (January 6, 2005). The party lasted for six months! Report The major French literary treatment of the theme was *Racine's epic tragedy Esther (1689), written for presentation at the Saint-Cyr girls' school supervised by Madame de Maintenon, the morganatic wife of Louis xiv, and first performed with choruses by J.-B. "Esther They will give you advice from Gods word. ESV - We will let this oil represent those who trust in Jesus. So were the princes and the nobles of the territories he ruled over. This counteredict was addressed to all of the governors in the Persian kingdom, and it informed them that the Jews had been authorized to defend themselves against their persecutors and to kill all those who would attack them. This way, she was able to have a healthy, caloric diet while avoiding the royal yet unkosher meat and wine fed to the other queen candidates. Now, hold up your bottle of salad oil. - Esther 1:3-4. The author of the Book of Esther is believed to beMordecai, Esther's cousin. Esther was born around 492 B.C. When the young woman approached the king in this manner, she was granted whatever she desired to take from the harem to the king's palace with her. The wise men told King Xerxes that he should decree that Queen Vashti must be dethroned. (31-5) Esther 2:10. It has everything a tale should have: tension, tragedy, and intrigue. Legends of the Jews. And let the king appoint officers throughout all the provinces of his kingdom to gather all the attractive young women to Susa the citadel. - Esther 2:2-3a NET. Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Culture Society History, The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, ESTHER So he put a royal crown on her head. . Esther was the daughter of Abihail, of the tribe of Benjamin. Many of the Israelites obeyed Gods call. When Haman was named prime minister, the king had issued a general order that all were to bow to him. ." (February 22, 2023). A somewhat nebulous figure, the Queen of Sheba (fl. In the third year of his rule King Xerxes gave a big dinner. But when the former queen, Vashti, fell into disfavor with her husband, Ahasuerus, the king chose Esther to be his wife and queen. Every day for 180 days he showed his guests the great wealth of his kingdom. JEZEBEL (Heb. . "Esther Mishkinsky, Moshe; Spector, Shmuel "Esther Her story is recorded in the Old Testament book bearing her name. ." [CDATA[ This was around the time that Ahasuerus began to look for a new queen after his first wife, Vashti, was deposed. But that is not the case now. Second, Esther, as a "hidden" Jew (together with the frequently noted absence of an explicit reference to God in the scroll), symbolized in mystical circles the hiddenness of the Shekhinah (divine feminine presence) in the world and in the Jewish exile. Seeing that the king was well disposed toward her, she invited him and Haman to a private banquet, during which she did not reveal her desire, however, but invited them to another banquet, thus misleading Haman by making him think that he was in the queen's good graces. "Queen Esther," hyperhistory.net, http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b1estherp1mw.htm (January 6, 2005). The circumstances under which Esther became queen were that she was chosen from a group of eligible women to be the new queen after Queen Vashti was removed from her position. Some Jews chose not to return to Jerusalem as God had commanded. Historia de Esther y Mardocheo (1781). Esther's adopted uncle Mordecai remained constantly near the palace, so that he would be able advise her in all matters. Say: Even when people make bad decisions, God can use it for His purposes. Esther and Mordecai then sent letters across the provinces and declared the 14th day of the Hebrew month of Adar a Jewish holiday named Purim. The kings servants who attended him said, Let a search be conducted in the kings behalf for attractive young women. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/esther, JOHN BOWKER "Esther On the night of the second banquet, the king told Esther that he would grant whatever she would ask. They had formed a bond based on love and trust, which when combined produces faith. Copyright 1995, 1996, 1998 by International Bible Society / Used by permission of IBS-STL. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In fact, he burned with anger. A shrine in Hamadan, Iran, grew up around a tomb purported to contain the cenotaphs of Esther and Mordekai, which dates no earlier than the thirteenth century. Moore, Carey A. She is credited with sparing her people, the Jews, from annihilation. Anyone using the information provided by Kidadl does so at their own risk and we can not accept liability if things go wrong. He wanted them to rebuild His Temple that had been destroyed. After his marriage the statue was replaced by one of Esther (Midrash Abba Guryon, Parashah 2). The dark room does not dim the candle flame. It became a frequent pilgrimage destination for Iranian Jews. The book suggests that Esther, born to Abihail, was orphaned as a child and was thereafter adopted and raised by her cousin, Mordecai. When Esther became queen she refused to disclose her lineage to Ahasuerus though she claimed that like him she was of royal descent. Esther's day to appear before the King drew nearer, and she knew that every woman who went in to see the king was allowed to bring whatever she wanted with her. We must ask ourselves why these Israelites were still living in a foreign land where they did not belong. Answer Esther is the Jewish maiden who became queen of Persia and rescued her people from a murderous plot to annihilate them. After the Persians took control of Babylon, the Lord gave a message to King Cyrus. The King wanted the leaders to think he was amazing. He had raised her as his own daughter, after her father and mother died. Apparently, Queen Vashti refused to comply with her husband's degrading wishes. 7a).". Esther 2:14 - In the evening she would go in, and in the morning she would return to the second harem in custody of Shaashgaz, the king's eunuch, who was in charge of the concubines. It is also said to be derived from the Persian word stara, meaning star. Some suggestions in the Talmud, the Yalkut Shimoni, and in the Aramaic translation and elucidation of the Book of Esther (called Targum Sheni) state that the name Esther was derived from Venus, the morning star named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is believed that her life extended into the reign of her stepson, Artaxerxes. , hypocoristic masculine proper name containing the theophoric element Marduk), name of two Biblical figures: (February 22, 2023). The girl who is taken to Persian King Xerxes' palace rises to become queen and the one who works valiantly to protect her people from the enemy's evil schemes. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. 726. Despite being the book's namesake, Esther's role is frequently overlooked. Both Esther and Mordecai's descendants were among the Jewish tribes of Judah and Benjamin who had been conquered by the Babylonians ruled by King Nebuchadnezzar. Midrash adds that Esther's father died during her mother's pregnancy, and the latter died during childbirth (Esth. Encyclopaedia Judaica. The subject gave rise to a series of dramatic interpretations in France, beginning with the Huguenot playwright Antoine de Montchrtien's three verse tragedies, Esther (1585), Vashti (1589), and Aman (1601). Charpentier's quasi-oratorio Historia Esther (date unknown); G. Legrenzi's oratorio Gli sponsali d'Ester (1676); J.-B. 3). Garden City, N.Y., 1971. When Queen *Vashti fell into disgrace because of her disobedience to King *Ahasuerus, Esther was among the beautiful virgins chosen to be presented to the king (1:192:8). The story opens at a palace in Persia at night time. 6 reasons why Esther became a Queen. Yet out of the many candidates not one found favor in his eyes. . Brenner, Athalya, ed. Queen Vashti was wrong to refuse her husbands wish, but sending her away forever was a very sad solution. ; tenth century b.c.e. Another challenge Esther faced was dealing with her evil stepmother, who constantly tried to undermine her. in the arts: R. Schwartz, Esther im deutschen und neulateinischen Drama des Reformations-Zeitalters (1894); E. Wind, in: Journal of the Warburg Institute, 4 (1940), 1147; M. Roston, Biblical Drama in England From the Middle Ages to the Present Day (1968), 7274; L. Rau, Iconographie de l'art chrtien, 2, pt. The Book of Esther was also popular with 17th-century artists in the Netherlands. With M. *Litvakov she brought out a Yiddish edition of Lenin's writings in eight volumes, and wrote a biography of Lenin in Yiddish (3 eds., 192526). 6:114). Walfish, Barry Dov. Esther teaches us life lessons by demonstrating the qualities that will carry us through our fights and lead us to victory over the enemy. Esther is one of the Tanakh's few true queens. There is speculation as to the exact nature of this refusal. The scenes depicted at Dura-Europos were Esther and Ahasuerus enthroned and Mordecai riding in triumph on a regal white horse. In brief the plot of the Book of Esther centers on Esther's fairy-tale-like good fortune, a destiny that transcends mere personal dimensions through the divine plan (although God is not mentioned in the Book of Esther) that turns her into a savior of her people. Esther is an account of what happens when we dont stay under the protection of Gods commands and promises. Early Life Doubly orphaned as a young girl, Esther was raised by her cousin Mordechai, a wise and saintly Torah scholar and the leader of the Jewish people. She took her time and moved slowly and prayerfully. The people break the laws God has given. Before Esther was made queen, Ahasuerus would compare women who entered with a statue of Vashti that stood near his bed. Based on Biblical information and historical data recorded, it is stated that King Ahasuerus could have been anywhere between 37 and 40 years old while Esther would have been anywhere between 14 and 16 years of age. An early musical treatment of the subject is a 14th-century motet for three voices, Quoniam novi probatur, in which Haman, or someone whose fate he symbolizes, voices his complaint (see C. Parrish, The Notation of Mediaeval Music (1957), 13840). Iconographie de l'art chrtien, vol. The Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese treated the Esther story as an occasion for pomp and pageantry, Tintoretto painting the Swooning of Esther (1545), a subject later treated by Poussin. as Hadasseh (a Jewish name meaning myrtle). By joining Kidadl you agree to Kidadls Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to receiving marketing communications from Kidadl. SOLOMON (Heb. When her cousin Mordecai angers Hamanthe big bad of the storyHaman decides her's going kill every Jew in revenge. Familiar with both the biblical and rabbinic narratives, Shhn composed his own version of the Books of Esther, Ezra, and Nehemiah by creating an audacious link between Esther's marriage and the fate of the Jewish people. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/esther, Halevy, Elimelech "Esther The tribes were split up and taken to Babylon. . Check out our fun Bible studies articles: facts about David in the Bible and facts about Daniel from the Bible. hadassah) she was of ideal height, neither too short nor too tall (ibid. Esther, as depicted in the Bible, was a pious woman who demonstrated great faith, resolve, mercy, and courage combined with reasonable caution. ." We can work out how old Xerxes was, from history books (like the Greek historian Herodotus) as well as the internal evidence in Esther. - Esther 2:5a. Esther was the Queen of Persia, but she didn't rule her people like a tyrant. VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever. The king signed Mordecai's new decree. The book suggests that Esther, born to Abihail, was orphaned as a child and was thereafter adopted and raised by her cousin, Mordecai. Esther in Medieval Garb: Jewish Interpretation of the Book of Esther in the Middle Ages. Later, the anger of King Xerxes calmed down. King Xerxes held a big dinner in Esthers honor. 79; 4:387-388; 6:460n. Rabbah 6:5; BT . Vote Up Verse 12 says, He burned with anger.. Mordecai suggested that maidens be again assembled as if the king wished to remarry and that Esther, aroused by jealousy, would comply with his wishes. That was the month of Tebeth. If you purchase using the buy now button we may earn a small commission. He has given me all of the kingdoms on earth. Esther is the lucky girl, but she hides the fact she's Jewish. In a way that the children can see, pour the oil into a clear glass to show the oil is still clear. Who was Esther in the Bible? And so, Queen Vashti never saw the King again. Encyclopedia.com. At the outset, the Persian ruler Ahasuerus has a grand feast that is spoiled when his wife, Vashti, refuses his demand that she perform before the assembled males. ." As we saw with the Israelites in the Promised Land, many had probably married the foreigners around them. ." Here are guidelines to help facilitate a meaningful learning experience for everyone. We do things Gods way. Four years passed between chapters one and two of Esther. He also showed them how glorious his kingdom was. Although, with time, Esther bolstered her position in the harem, being perfumed with myrrh and granted servants and the choicest foods, Mordecai, who visited her daily, gave her strict instructions not to reveal her Jewish origin. Many of the Jewish males had already served in the Persian army and they benefited from their military training. Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Culture Society History. He ordered his officials to go and get the queen. Know that God works with ALL kinds of people with ALL kinds of families! Encyclopedia of Religion. It is one of only two books in the Bible named for women (the other is Ruth). Your privacy is important to us. During the second banquet, she informed the king of Haman's plot to kill her and other Jews. In the amazing story of Esther, we will see that God is FAITHFUL to keep His promises, no matter what people choose to do. Throughout the sacred record, however, she is referred to by her Persian name, Esther, which means "star.". Should the explanation in Genesis on how God created plants before the sun affect the understanding of creation? The myrtle tree was native to Babylonia, but Jewish exiles who returned to Jerusalem took the tree with them, and it became a symbol of the nation of Israel. She would not go in to the king again, unless the king delighted in her and she was summoned by name. A Feminist Companion to Esther, Judith and Susanna. Queen Esther uncovered Haman's plot and fought to thwart it. The king could not sleep that night and recollected Mordecais efforts in foiling an assassination plot against him. The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Special thanks to John R. Cross, The Stranger on the Road to Emmaus, GoodSeed International. The Book of Esther does not state the cause of Queen Ester's death. Remember how Jesus said we should affect those around us, but they should not affect us? The plea was turned down by her. . Mordecais family had been from the land of Judah to Babylon years before by military force (Esther 2:6). This meant he would have returned to Susa very disappointed, ashamed, and frustrated - AND without a queen. The story of Esther begins with a grand banquet at the palace of King Ahasuerus, also referred to as King Xerxes. Palestrina wrote a five-voiced motet, Quid habes Hester? How old was the quuen when she became queen? Later, after the carrying away of the ten tribes, the term applied to all the Israelites (Jeremiah 32:12). . According to Shhn, the purpose of Esther's happy marriage to Ahasuerus (preceded by an elaborate courtship and properly sanctified in a Zoroastrian wedding ceremony) was to give birth to Cyrus the Great (559530 bce), the king who issued the famous edict (539 bce) granting permission to many minorities, including the Jews of Babylonia (western Iran), to return to their homeland and rebuild their Temple. 1. Moreen, Vera B., trans. Finally, the king amended the law and saved the Jews thanks to Esther's courage and power. Earlier, Haman had built a gallows that he intended to use to hang Mordecai. It had been over 70 years since the Lord had commanded the Jews to leave Persia and return to Jerusalem, yet some of the Jews were STILL living in Persia. 6). During her reign the British monarchy took . "Esther," Catholic Encyclopedia,http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05549a.htm (January 6, 2005). Encyclopaedia Judaica. At the time of the feast, she invited them to another feast, the following evening (5:68). After Mordecai came to know about Haman's scheme, he communicated it to Queen Esther and asked her to reveal her Jewish background to the king. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Encyclopedia.com. So Esther throws a huge banquet where she reveals she's Jewish and Haman wants her (and her people) dead. Further, he sent an edict throughout his kingdom that gave male subjects the right to rule over their wives in all matters. Thinking that the king was talking about him, Haman advised that the man should be dressed in royal robes and the crown of the king, mounted on the king's royal horse, and glided around while a herald called "See how the King honors a man he wishes to reward!" Queen Esther Was a Jewish 'Cinderella' She would have probably been married off to some other man and would have had a few children. Say: This glass pitcher represents the world we live in. The monarch of Persia, King Ahasuerus, was wealthy and powerful. But God will NOT forget His promise to make Israel a Great nation. The Bible says everyone in the world has sinned. As an Amazon Associate, Kidadl earns from qualifying purchases. Esther revealed to the king that she was a Jew and thus succeeded in persuading the king in not only overturning the edict but also in allowing the Jews to kill their enemies. Say: The six-month party was followed by an additional seven-day party at the palace for EVERY man in the capital city of Susa. His task was to inform Ahasuerus of any conspiracy against him. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. For performances of Racine's play at the Comdie Franaise during this period the choruses were composed by several undistinguished musicians; later contributions include those by Reynaldo *Hahn (1905) and Marcel Samuel-Rousseau (1912). When they answered that this would incite the ill-will of the nations, she replied: "I am already recorded in the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia (Meg. A good answer provides new insight and perspective. Pour about an inch of oil into the pitcher. Esthers cousin Mordecai told Esther to keep it a secret that she was a Jew, and Esther obeyed his wish. If you liked our suggestions for facts about Esther from the Bible then why not take a look at facts about Gideon in the Bible or Abraham facts. At Kidadl we pride ourselves on offering families original ideas to make the most of time spent together at home or out and about, wherever you are in the world. 2:118). But God promised, through the prophet Jeremiah, that one day He would gather the Israelites together again and restore their land (Jeremiah 30:1-4). ." Now, the king ordered that Haman be executed, along with his ten sons, on the very same gallows. "Esther A representative of the extreme Yiddishists at the *Czernowitz Yiddish Conference, Esther was one of the main promoters in the Bund of Jewish education in Yiddish. If Esther had not become queen, she would have continued to live a life of relative obscurity.